China and the Philippines are in conflict over disputed areas in the South China Sea, with both sides accusing each other of aggressive behavior, such as ramming boats. Even though a 2016 UN ruling favored the Philippines, China has continued expanding its military presence. There is also a chance that the U.S. could become involved due to its defense treaty with the Philippines.

At the center of the South China Sea conflict are overlapping territorial claims between China and the Philippines. China insists on its “nine-dash line,” which extends into waters that fall within the Philippines’ Exclusive Economic Zone. Despite a 2016 ruling by an international tribunal that backed the Philippines, China has rejected the decision. This has led to ongoing confrontations, especially near Scarborough Shoal and Sabina Shoal.

The Philippines has a long history of foreign influence. Spanish rule, which lasted for over 300 years, left a lasting impact on religion, traditions, and culture. Later, American governance shaped the country’s education system, politics, and pop culture. Even after gaining independence in 1946, the Philippines continued to navigate relationships with major powers, especially during the Cold War. Today, it faces similar challenges as it works to maintain sovereignty while receiving military and diplomatic support from the United States.

The South China Sea is not just a geopolitical issue. It is also one of the world’s busiest trade routes, with over 3.4 trillion dollars worth of goods passing through every year. The sea also contains rich fishing grounds and large energy reserves, including 11 billion barrels of oil and 190 trillion cubic feet of natural gas. These resources are essential to the Philippines’ fishing communities and future energy needs, making the defense of these waters a priority.
China has built artificial islands in the region, turning reefs into military outposts with ports, airstrips, and missile systems. This militarization has given China a strategic advantage, making it harder for countries like Vietnam, Malaysia, and the Philippines to explore and secure resources without interference.

The United States plays a key role in the conflict due to its defense treaty with the Philippines. This treaty ensures U.S. support if Philippine forces or vessels are attacked. U.S. naval patrols in the South China Sea challenge China’s territorial claims and provide reassurance to the Philippines, though they also increase the risk of conflict. In August 2024, tensions rose with six reported incidents involving boat collisions, water cannon attacks, and physical confrontations. China has warned that its relationship with the Philippines is at a critical point.

For the Philippines, the conflict goes beyond access to resources. It is a matter of sovereignty and control over its future. At the same time, the dispute reflects a larger struggle between China and the United States for influence in the region. The outcome will shape the future of Southeast Asia as smaller nations seek to assert their independence in the face of competing global powers.